Naum Gabo was a prominent Russian sculptor in the Constructivism movement and a pioneer of Kinetic Art. Gabo contributed to the Agit-prop open air exhibitions and taught at 'VKhUTEMAS' the Higher Art and Technical Workshop. Gabo's designs had become increasingly monumental but there was little opportunity to apply them. In the manifesto Gabo criticized Cubism and Futurism as not becoming fully abstract arts and stated that the spiritual experience was the root of artistic production.